The sibling fixed outcomes determine 65% of your own version into the degree contained in this decide to try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
In our shot you can find 676 sisters, out-of which 302 had been ple (as they are from a family group in which one girl is married very early) possess dads which have somewhat all the way down instructional attainment, will be Muslim, and are generally very likely to reside in outlying section
When we explore the fresh new the quantity to which state and town fixed outcomes just take differences in social and you will economic downside by the examining their capacity to establish type for the informative attainment, we discover that the community repaired effects describe more 29% of the variation, a little more versus step 3% explained by province repaired effects. Most of the type are not inside towns.
I very first present estimations you to definitely handle having state*time-trend FE after which village*time-trend FE. I next go one step after that of the to provide efficiency where i imagine brother fixed outcomes models where in actuality the coefficients is estimated off reviews off sisters, certainly one of whom had hitched very early and most other which did not. This investigations regulation for everyone family unit members services, one another observable and unobservable, knowledgeable by sisters elizabeth.g., friends records. So it yet not significantly reduces brand new take to. These types of answers are hence best-read as actually applicable in order to houses away from much more old-fashioned minimizing socio-monetary house. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), daha fazla ipucu burada characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.